Working Papers

Working Paper 10/1988: Zona Franco e sistema bancário africano

Abstract:

The Free Zone, or more correctly, the two free sub-zones began as a geographically defined space between France and its African colonies where. commercial and financial transfers were freely carried out. After 1966, with the liberalization of financial flows between France and the other countries, the characterization of the relations between France and its former colonies acquired a markedly monetary significance. Today France defines with six Central African countries (Cameroon, Congo, Gabon, Central African Republic, Chad and Equatorial Guinea) and with seven West African countries (Ivory Coast, Benin, Burkina, Faro, Niger, Senegal, Togol and Mali) a currency zone (the Franc Zone) whose defining characteristic is the agreement established between the Issuing Bank of these States and the French Treasury, to set up an “operations account”. The existence of this “operations account” allows the convertibility of African currencies into French francs within the Franc Zone (at a fixed exchange rate), as well as the common management of gold and foreign exchange reserves. In Zona Franco e sistema bancário africano we will look at the two sub-zones, Western (West African Monetary Union) and Central (Central Bank of Central African States).

Quotation:

Franco, Ana. 1988. “Zona Franco e sistema bancário africano”. Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão. CEsA – Documentos de Trabalho nº 10/1988.

Working Paper 9/1988: Endividamento externo e crise financeira em África

Abstract:

The subject of Endividamento externo e da crise financeira da África (external indebtedness and the African financial crisis) is, in general terms, both too complex and too recent to be treated with the desired depth, for another work of this type. However, it is one of the most important aspects of the particularly difficult situation that Africa is experiencing at the moment, and it can even be said that from there a new type of global integration of the Continent into the World Economic System is generated, not only because of the recessionist effects to which the payment of debt service will lead, but also by organizing the economies into foreign exchange producers at all costs, by the hand of the IMF. This is assuming that there will not be a radical change in the world Financial System, which is unlikely. In this study we will, therefore, analyze the current characteristics of the PVD’s indebtedness process (Part I) and how Africa fits into this process (Part II). Finally, a typology of indebtedness situations in Africa is attempted, in order to distinguish particular problems of indebtedness from the general “problem” (Part III).

Quotation:

Brito, Paulo. 1988. “Endividamento externo e crise financeira em África” . Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão. CEsA – Documentos de Trabalho nº 9/1985.

Working Paper 8/1985: Perspectivas de análise dos dados do 1º recenseamento da população em Moçambique: para uma reflexão sobre as assimetrias demográficas

Abstract:

The Census Coordinating Council published a brochure with data from the ‘1st General Population Census’, carried out in August 1980. Hence the possibility of a first approach to these data in this Seminar on Population and Rural Development. It is in this attempt to analyze the results of the 1st General Population Census in Mozambique, it is our intention to focus on some aspects that will pave the way for several other perspectives that will certainly enable much more in-depth analyses. In Perspectivas de análise dos dados do 1º recenseamento da população em Moçambique : para uma reflexão sobre as assimetrias demográficas, will focus our attention on the main Demographic Asymmetries of the People’s Republic of Mozambique. We will do so because it is a more or less generalised habit of a large number of authors, when approaching the problem of Underdevelopment, to speak of unequal development (when not unequal and combined), dualistic development, etc. The “background” to these analyses is an entire dualist theoretical presupposition. Hence the talk, for example, in the case of Mozambique, of a ‘developed sector’ versus a ‘traditional sector’. We hope that, from the exposition to be made, various other perspectives of reflection will emerge. Perspectives that may be deepened in the debate to follow.

Quotation:

Antunes, Manuel de Azevedo . 1985. “Perspectivas de análise dos dados do 1º recenseamento da população em Moçambique : para uma reflexão sobre as assimetrias demográficas”. Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão. CEsA – Documentos de Trabalho nº 8/1985.

Working Paper 7/1985: Processo de industrialização, ajuda concessional e dependência pela tecnologia nos países africanos: um estudo aplicado aos casos da Tunísia, Tanzânia e Rwanda

Abstract:

In the context of relations between ‘developed countries’ (DCs) and ‘developing countries’ (DCs) we cannot speak of an effective ‘transfer of technology’, since the essential issue is to analyse not the question of technological flows, but that of control over the technological matrix. It is perhaps more pertinent today to talk not of technological transfers, but of dependence on technology. In fact, the notion of ‘transfers’ is inseparable from a neoclassical framework of ‘free movement of factors’ which does not explain the social relationship introduced. The establishment of lasting or permanent links through the ‘restrictive clauses’ that accompany technology supply contracts, the ‘assistance’ that accompanies these transfers or the technology that cannot be dissociated from the imported ‘hardware’, normally creates stronger dependency links than those resulting from the links established by the developing countries’ own external indebtedness. For this reason, in Processo de industrialização, ajuda concessional e dependência pela tecnologia nos países africanos : um estudo aplicado aos casos da Tunísia, Tanzânia e Rwanda,  it was preferred an approach based on distinct economies, in order to eventually make explicit the need for a non-linear approach to the question of dependency on technology, relating it to the specific situation of each economy and highlighting the impossibility of high generalisations.

Quotation:

Tinto, Germano Rio .1985. “Processo de industrialização, ajuda concessional e dependência pela tecnologia nos países africanos : um estudo aplicado aos casos da Tunísia, Tanzânia e Rwanda” . Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão. CEsA – Documentos de Trabalho nº 7/1985.

Working Paper 6/1985: A industrialização argelina: balanço de uma experiência

In A industrialização argelina : balanço de uma experiência , I try to address Algerian industrialization after independence. In a relatively short period of time – two decades – the country’s governments, following a clearly defined program, steered a process of industrialization with great tenacity. The industrial and agricultural, economic and social landscapes emerged from this process profoundly transformed.
My main concern was to try to know and understand the transformations that took place, their connections and how, once put into action, the process became autonomous and created its own dynamics reasonably independent of the starting project. I have not had nor am interested in making a summary, and therefore I will only align in conclusion some master ideas.
Firstly because it has not been possible for me, within the scope of this research and with the tools currently at my disposal, to undertake the study of the social conditions of industrialisation that I consider indispensable, i.e. to go beyond the economistic field in which the analysis is limited to the economic. A number of economic failures may be due not to ineptitude but to non-economic demands and influences. Economic rationality is often combined with (and overlapped by) other rationalities.
Secondly, because many doubts remain. For example, about the costs of industrialisation. In the most economically advanced countries today, very high prices have been paid in exchange for industrial and technological progress. Between 1840 and 1920, for example, 60 million Europeans emigrated out of a total population of 300 million in 1900.
I think that only ideological passion can hide these facts. And it alone can explain the hasty and drastic assessments made of the development experiences of the dominated countries. But if the assessment must be prudent, the theoretical analysis must be as rigorous as possible.
My research has resulted in some ideas that I assume to be mere hypotheses for further exploration, whether on the Algerian theme or, in general, on the experiences of industrialisation in underdeveloped countries.

Quotation:

Salavisa, Isabel .1985. “A industrialização argelina : balanço de uma experiência” . Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão. CEsA – Documentos de Trabalho nº 6/ 1985.

Working Paper 5/1985: República da Guiné Bissau: algumas reflexões sobre perspectivas dos seus níveis de desenvolvimento económico-social através de um modelo de simulação

Abstract:

Whenever one tries to formulate a development policy in the so-called underdeveloped countries, ‘one comes across a series of problems that transcend the exclusively economic sector: it is the social and political aspects, more properly institutional, that also condition the global structure, taking on a “almost” dominant in the formation of a concretely determined social totality. Concerned with economic aspects, the leaders focus almost exclusively on the problems of industrialization or non-industrialization, modernization of agriculture, monetary issues, financing strategy, etc. In República da Guiné Bissau: algumas reflexões sobre perspectivas dos seus níveis de desenvolvimento económico-social através de um modelo de simulação we believe that a philosophy of progress is inevitably necessary to arrive at a sociological definition of development. But this philosophy of progress and development must be based on realities. Trying to define progress: separately on the economic level, on the social level, on the political level, or on the cultural level, is to forget of its eminently global and historical character.

Quotation:

Rodrigues, Rui Neves da Costa .1985. “República da Guiné Bissau : algumas reflexões sobre perspectivas dos seus níveis de desenvolvimento económico-social através de um modelo de simulação”. Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão. CEsA – Documentos de Trabalho nº 5/ 1985.

Working Paper 4/1985: Moçambique: evolução de algumas instituições socio-familiares

Abstract:

Moçambique : evolução de algumas instituições sócio-familiares was initially published as an article in the Domingo de Maputo newspaper in October and November 1984, when the Extraordinary Conference of the Organisation of Mozambican Women ( O. M. M. ) took place, giving rise to intense debate in Mozambican intellectual circles. It was later revised and in some points reformulated by its author for this collection of “Working Documents”.
In this article, we have touched on some aspects of the problem related to the family institutions of the past and the transformations observed in them throughout the different periods of the History of Mozambique. The structural changes and the dynamics of readaptation that these same institutions have shown in recent years are once again a response to the material conditions of their existence in the situation that the country has gone through in the last decade. The struggle for women’s emancipation is part of this global economic, social and political context, which the Law (Family, for example), Ideology and Organization will not be able to radically change by themselves. On the other hand, for economic and social development to be a process of profound transformations, without serious delays, a rigorous study of all these phenomena and social institutions is necessary, and rural planning accordingly.

Quotation:

Medeiros, Eduardo .1985. “Moçambique : evolução de algumas instituições sócio-familiares”. Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão. CEsA – Documentos de Trabalho nº 4/1985.

Working Paper 3/1985: Estratégias de desenvolvimento comparadas na Guiné-Bissau: finais dos anos 60 e anos 80

Abstract:

Estratégias de desenvolvimento comparadas na Guiné-Bissau: finais dos anos 60 e anos 80 is for us a first moment of reflection on Guinea-Bissau. The 20 pages we set out to write could easily be multiplied: either by developing in more detail the situation in the sixties, or by analyzing some particular aspects of the post-independence evolution. We believe that the essential axis of research should be oriented towards a detailed study of the economic and social changes that took place during the war. A fact that immediately comes to mind, for example, is the breakdown of food self-sufficiency, which, in the 1960s, was never recovered. What factors are behind this persistent food crisis? Is it just war, in one case, and drought plus smuggling, in the other? Only once we understand the transformations that took place in the 1960s will we be able to distinguish what was “endogenously” determined evolution from what was “endogenously” determined evolution.
This document is, in essence, the report presented by Dr Nuno Cassola in 1983-1984 in the course “Development Experiences in Africa” of the Masters Degree in Economics of the ISEG. The research work was carried out under the responsibility of Prof. Adelino Torres. This report has, voluntarily, an essentially empirical and circumscribed character, but it presents interesting – albeit preliminary – moments of reflection both on the articulation between the pre-independence period (especially the period of governance of General António Spínola) and the post-independence period (the 1980s in particular) and on the determination of factors which, rooted in the first period, explain and seem to strongly condition the second.

Quotation:

Cassola, Nuno. 1985. “Estratégias de desenvolvimento comparadas na Guiné-Bissau : finais dos anos 60 e anos 80” “. Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão. CEsA – Documentos de Trabalho nº 3/1985.

Working Paper 2/1985: Três estudos: da estratégia colonial à integração europeia

Abstract:

In Três estudos: da estratégia colonial à integração europeia, the three texts we reproduce below are of a relatively different nature, but their content, in our view, is complementary.
The first – “LE RÔLE DU CAPITAL BANCAIRE DANS LES COLONIES PORTUGAISES DE L’ANGOLA ET DE ST. TOMÉ DE 1864 AU DEBUT DU XX5 SIECLE” – took part in the Colloquium “Business Empires in West-Central Africa” ​​which took place at the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) at the University of London, in May 1982. the organizer of that Colloquium, Prof. G. Clarence–Smith, this communication, although modified in some points, was based on a chapter of the doctoral dissertation in Economics that we presented in 1981 at the Technical University of Lisbon. In 1983 this text was published in the journal African Economic History n° 12, edited by the University of Wisconsin-Madison (USA).
The second – “ESTRATÉGIA COLONIAL PORTUGUESA E ESTRUTURAS ECONÓMICAS DE ANGOLA NOS ANOS 1960-1970” – constituted a contribution to the Seminar “0 25 de Abril – Ten years later”, organized by Associação 25 de Abril from 2 to 5 May 1984, in Lisbon.
The third – “L’IDENTITÉ HISTORIQUE PORTUGAISE FACE AUX NOUVEAUX DEFIS DE L’INTEGRATION EUROPEENNE” – was presented at the Colloquium “Europe -Identité Culturelle et Modernité” held by the FORUM magazine, directed by Prof. Laurent Schwartz, at the Polytechnic School, Paris (June 1-3, 1984).
We had hoped that the works initially written in French would now be rewritten or at least presented in Portuguese. Unfortunately we are short of time: multiple academic and research tasks do not leave us the necessary availability to do so.
In any case, these studies – the last two in particular – should be seen simply as preliminary approaches. The second and third texts were written for the tight number of pages that this kind of colloquium usually imposes. Their aim was merely to set some parameters for the public discussion that should follow the presentation of their main lines. As such, it seems justified to insert them in a collection of “Working Papers“, submitting them to the eventual discussion of colleagues and students who are concerned by these issues.

Quotation

Torres, Adelino. 1985. “Três estudos: da estratégia colonial à integração europeia”. Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão. CEsA – Documentos de Trabalho nº 2/1985

Working Paper 1/1984: Uma experiência de integração económica em África

Abstract:

The Working Papers collection consists of short monographs written by members and collaborators of CEsA/CSG/ISEG/ULisboa. These documents are provisional and aim to provide elements of information and scientific reflection on economic and social issues object of research of this Centre. ECOWAS – Uma experiência de integração económica em África , started as a 1983-1984 report by Eugénio Inocêncio and Manuel Ennes Ferreira in the subject of International Economic Organizations (5th year) taught by Dr. César Cortes in the Degree in Economics. Later on, its authors restructured the initial text in order to integrate it in this collection. It is this second modified version that is reproduced here. The work seeks to build a historical and current framework of ECOWAS, and provide elements that serve as a starting point for monitoring its evolution. Although not intending to be a theoretical study on integration in Africa, care was taken to organize the data considered to be the most relevant to include a set of more abstract aspects such as: i) regional leadership relationship (Lagos/Dakar •Abidjan); ii) changes in the world economy and economic integration in Africa; iii) economic integration in Africa and African economic nationalism (regionalism).

Quotation:

Inocêncio, Eugénio e Manuel Ennes Ferreira .1984. “Uma experiência de integração económica em África”. Instituto Superior de Economia. CEsA – Documento de Trabalho nº 1/84.